Northwestern Indiana from 1800 to 1900A regional history written by Timothy H. Ball . . . .
Source Citation:
Ball, Timothy H. 1900.
Northwestern
Indiana from 1800 to 1900 or A View of Our Region Through the Nineteenth Century.
Chicago, Illinois: Donohue and Henneberry. 570 p.
NORTHWESTERN INDIANA FROM 1800 TO 1900
61
CHAPTER IV.
WHAT THE EARLY SETTLERS FOUND.
By prehistoric in this chapter is
not meant, before human history on the earth commenced; that early Asiatic,
African, and European written history, so many thousand pages of which yet
remain; but only before the real American written history finds its sure
beginning, dating no further back than to the discovery of America by
Christopher Columbus. Prehistoric in this chapter, will denote not only any
traces of man up to 1492, but even up to the time of the first recorded
explorations of French and English in this region. So that, to reach our
prehistoric period, we will not need to go far back in time.
The early settlers first found the Indians, called sometimes aborigines, in
actual possession here, with whom, for some ten years, more or less, they were
brought in contact; but they soon found, as they came out
from the "thick woods," as they looked over the rich and beautiful
prairies, and then over the lowlands and marshes, and viewed the rivers, -- here
and there not to be mistaken, they found those singular traces of an unknown
people, called sometimes the Moundbuilders. In various places they found these
mounds, evidently formed at some time by human hands, one of these, ten feet in
height and some forty feet in diameter, being on the Iroquois River, four
62
miles from the
present town of Rensselear, from
which have been taken shells, bones, and ashes. Other
mounds were found some three miles north of the present town of Morocco, in
Newton County, from
which have been taken human bones and stone implements;
another in what became Washington Township, in the same county; and yet another
on the south bank of the Iroquois near the State line. Other mounds were found
north of the Kankakee River, from
some of which human skeletons have been taken, over some
of which the plowshare has passed year after year, still bringing to the surface
human remains; and some are even yet undisturbed. Large trees were found growing
on some of the mounds when the pioneers first saw them. They were in shape
circular and smooth, and regularly formed, although the wolves had in some of
them made their dens.*
The following is taken from Lake County, 1884,
page 474: "On the farm now owned by J. P. Spalding, near the northwest corner of
section 33, town-
__________
*The writer of this remembers well his first visit to one of these mounds with
his father and mother, each on horseback; that father a graduate of Middlebury
College, Vermont, that mother educated in the best schools of Hartford,
Connecticut, and then 34 years of age; and what an interest they both took in
that work of prehistoric man, as they rode up the sloping sides and looked at
its smooth, level top, and looked around the landscape
from that elevation, himself admiring it with the eyes of a boy twelve
years of age. That mother had seen many beautiful and grand New England and
Southern and ocean sights, nature she dearly loved, but on such a mound she had
never looked before. I am quite sure no spade or plow has yet touched that
mound. T. H. B.
63
ship 33, range 8 west, are the remains of two mounds. They have been plowed over
for more than forty years, [written in 1884] but human skeletons, arrow heads
and pottery are still unearthed, as the plowshare goes deeper year by year. The
pottery found is of two varieties." These ancient mounds were perhaps used in
later times for Indian burial places.
General Packard mentions two mounds near the early village of New Durham, in La
Porte County, which were six feet in height.
Hubert S. Skinner, in the history of Porter County says that, "numerous earth
mounds are found" there, and that "In the mounds have been found human bones,
arrow heads, and fragments of pottery."
Says Mr. William Niles, of La Porte, in his historical sketch of the La Porte
Natural History Association: "At one time Dr. Higday got up an excursion to the
Indian mounds near the Kankakee River, and secured for the association a large
number of flint and copper implements and pottery, and skulls and other bones.
He read a paper before the Chicago Historical Society describing this excursion
and its results. Some of the specimens were left with the Chicago society." The
others, it seems to be implied, are still in La Porte. Very little copper as yet
has been found in our excavations.
Returning now south of the Kankakee, in White County, there were found several
mounds on what was named Little Mound Creek; these were only
from three to five feet high, but at another
location there were some about ten feet in height. Fifteen have been counted in
White. A full account of the many mounds of this region does not enter into the
plan of
64
this work; but elsewhere will be found yet more particulars in regard to human
remains, or prehistoric man.
That the pioneers found not a few Indians here has been already stated, and they
found that these true native Americans had villages, camping places, dancing
floors and burial grounds, and gardens and corn fields. South of the Kankakee
River, in what became known as Beaver Woods, and along the Iroquois and
Tippecanoe rivers, they had many favorite resorts, and a large Indian village
was found and a favorite dancing floor or ground a few miles north of where the
whites started their village called Morocco. Corn fields were found in various
places near that same locality.
In White County an Indian village was found half a mile north of the present
Monticello, and another five miles up the river, where large corn fields were
cultivated. For some reason these Indian fields seem to have been much larger on
the south than on the north side of the Kankakee. For one thing, the soil was
quite different. A noted Indian trail passed along the bank of the Tippecanoe,
crossing it where is now Monticello, and leading from
the Wabash River up to Lake Michigan.
In what is now Jasper County many corn fields were found, generally small
patches of land, but sometimes in a single field would be an area of ten or
fifteen acres. One large field was four miles and another seven miles west of
the present county seat of Jasper County. There were groves of sugar maple trees
along the Iroquois River, and the first settlers found the Indians along that
river knowing how to make maple sugar.
65
North of the Kankakee, at what took the name of Wiggin's Point, now
Merrillville, in Lake County, was found, in 1834, quite an Indian village. It
was called McGwinn's Village. There was a large dancing floor or ground, and
there were trails, which were well-trodden foot-paths, sixteen in number,
leading from it in every direction. The dancing
ground, called a floor, but not a floor of wood, is said to have been very
smooth and well worn. A few rods distant was the village burial ground, the
situation, where the prairie joined the woodland, well chosen. A few
black-walnut trees were found growing there, of which very few are native in
Lake County, as also there were two or three near an Indian burial place found
on the northeastern shore of the Red Cedar Lake.
At this Wiggin's Point burial place the pioneers found in the center of the
ground a pole some twenty feet in height on which was a white flag. This was the
best known Indian cemetery in Lake County. As many as one hundred graves were
there. Some desecrating hands, said to have been those of a physician
from Michigan City, took out
from the earth here an Indian form about which
were a blanket, a deer skin, and a belt of wampum; and with the body were found
a rifle and a kettle full of hickory nuts. The pioneers found that some of these
Indians had not only the idea of a future life, but that they had received
from their white teachers some idea of the
resurrection of the body. Some of them preferred not to be placed in the earth,
as they were to live again; and some of these early settlers found suspended in
a tree, in a basket, with bells attached, the dead body of an Indian child. The
writer of this obtained his best knowledge of an Indian cemetery and of Indians
lamenting
66
their dead, from a
sand mound in Porter County, near the shore of Lake Michigan, which will be
mentioned in the account of City West.
Besides the Indians themselves, (and some of them were in contact with the
settlers for ten full years) and their gardens, where the Indians cultivated
some choice grapes as well as vegetables, and their trails, and camping grounds
and dancing grounds, these pioneers found, and the later inhabitants have been
finding through all these seventy years, flint and stone instruments of various
kinds, evidently the work of human hands. A very little copper, not in its
native bed or form, they also found. One of the large collections of arrow
heads, spear heads, and various small instruments, whose manufacture is
attributed to our Indians, is in possession of the present genial and
intelligent trustee of St. John's Township, H. L. Keilman, all, some two hundred
in number, having been found on the Keilman farm near Dyer, on section eighteen,
township thirty-five, range nine west of the second principal meridian.
It seems desirable that some impression should be upon these pages of the real
life of the Indians, as near as it can be obtained from
such contact as they had with the whites, thus showing what the pioneers
found Pottawatomie customs and ways to be. As, besides other camps and gardens,
so-called, in the winter of 1835 and 1836 about six hundred had an encampment in
the West Creek woodlands, where deer were abundant, and an encampment was there
again the next winter; and on Red Oak Island, where they had a garden, about two
hundred camped in the winter of 1837 and 1838, and about a hundred and fifty on
Big White Oak Island, south of Orchard
67
Grove, and quite an encampment the same winter south of
the present Lowell, and a camp of thirty Indian lodges the same or the preceding
winter north of the Red Cedar Lake, and many wigwams along the Calumet, and a
large Indian village at Indian Town, it is evident that the pioneers had some
opportunities to learn something of their dispositions and ways.
The following is from "Lake County, 1872."
"On Red Oak Island they had two stores, kept by French traders, who had Indian
wives. The names of these traders were Bertrand and Lavoire. At Big White Oak
was one store, kept by Laslie, who was also French, with an Indian wife. Here a
beautiful incident occurred on new year's morning, 1839. Charles Kenney and son
had been in the marsh looking up some horses. They staid all night, December
31st, with Laslie. His Indian wife, neat and thoughtful, like any true woman,
gave them clean blankets out of the store, treated them well, and would receive
no pay. The morning dawned. The children of the encampment gathered, some thirty
in number, and the oldest Indian, an aged, venerable man, gave to each of the
children a silver half-dollar as a new year's present. As the children received
the shining silver each one returned to the old Indian a kiss. It was their
common custom, on such mornings, for the oldest Indian present to bestow upon
the children the gifts.
A beautiful picture, surely, could be made by a painter of this island scene;
the marsh lying round, the line of timber skirting the unseen river, the
encampment, the two white strangers, the joyous children, and the venerable
Pottawatomie who, long years before, had been active in the chase and resolute
as a
68
warrior in his tribe, bestowing the half-dollars and bending gracefully down to
receive the gentle kisses of the children. Such a picture on canvas, by an
artist, would be of great value among our historic scenes."
The following incidents, from different sources,
are all well attested:
Into what became Newton County in the time of the Black Hawk War, about five
hundred Kickapoos came from Illinois and staid for
some little time, but gave no trouble to the few whites then there unless
whiskey was furnished them.
In the spring of 1837, a party of Indians came to the location of David Yeoman,
on the Iroquois, to catch fish. These they took not by means of spears or hooks,
but by throwing them out of the water with their paddles. They were economical.
They would exchange the bass with the whites for bread and would themselves eat
the dog-fish.
North of the Kankakee, near Indian Town, an enterprising settler proposed to
plow some ground for planting. To this the head Indian objected, saying that the
land was his, and the squaws wanted it to cultivate. This pioneer knew quite
well that the squaws would not cultivate very much land, so he said to the
Indian man, "I will plow up some land and the squaws may mark off all they
want." As he could turn the ground over much faster than could the Indian women,
this was quite satisfactory. They marked off the little patches which they
wanted, and left a good field for the white man. This incident certainly shows a
good side of the Indian character.
As mentioned elsewhere, an early school of La Porte County, the first in New
Durham Township, was taught by Miss Rachel B. Carter, the school open-
69
ing January 1, 1833. As illustrating the taciturn
disposition of the Indians, General Packard gives this incident: "When Miss
Carter was teaching this school, Indians of various ages would come to the
cabin, wrapped in their blankets, and stand for hours without uttering a word or
making a motion, while they gazed curiously at the proceedings. Then they would
glide away as noiselessly as they came." Other characteristics are illustrated
by the following: "Upon one occasion an Indian woman, called Twin Squaw,
informed Rachel that the Indians intended to kill all the whites, as soon as the
corn was knee high. Rachel replied that the white people were well aware of the
intention of the Indians, and taking up a handful of sand, said that soldiers
were coming from
the East as numerous as its grains, to destroy the Indians before the corn was
ankle high. The next morning there were no Indians to be found in the vicinity,
and it was several months before they returned.
"An Indian told Rachel, at one time, that they liked a few whites with them to
trade with, to act as interpreters, and that they learned many useful things of
them: but when they commenced coming they came like the pigeons."
A pioneer could appreciate that comparison, but "like the pigeons" is not
expressive to those of this generation, to those who never saw a wild pigeon.
Although for a time, on account of Miss Carter's reply to Twin Squaw, the
Indians disappeared, in 1836 "some five hundred of them camped in and about
Westville."
The desecration of an Indian grave at the Wiggins' Point has been mentioned. "It
is said that one day, after the robbing of the grave, two Indians' armed
70
with rifles came into the field where Wiggins was at
work alone. They went to the grave, and sat down their rifles, and talked.
Wiggins was alarmed. He conjectured that avengers were near, and he was in their
power. The Indians were evidently much displeased, but finally withdrew without
offering any violence. Wiggins, who had claimed this part of the Indian village,
allowed his breaking-plow to pass over the burial ground.
"This desecration did not pass unnoticed by the Red men. When, in 1840, General
Brady, with eleven hundred Indians from Michigan,
five hundred in one division and six hundred in the other, passed through this
county, some of both divisions visited these graves, and some of the squaws
groaned, it is said, and even wept, as they saw the fate of their ancient
cemetery. Thoroughly have the American Indians learned the power and the
progress of the Anglo-Saxon civilization, but not much have they experienced of
its justice towards them and theirs."
Some other incidents of the life at Indian Town are instructive, taken, as was
the last, from Lake County, 1872:
"Simeon Bryant selected that section for a farm, and leaving Pleasant Grove,
built his cabin near the village. The Indians at first were not well pleased
with the idea of a white neighbor; but the resolute squatter treated them
kindly, would gather up land tortoises and take to their wigwams, for which,
when he threw them on the ground, the women and children would eagerly scramble;
and after he had fenced around some of their cornfields he still allowed them to
cultivate the land. This kindness and consideration secured their regard. A
father and son from La
71
Porte County were stopping with this Bryant family while
improving their claims, and the daughter and sister, a girl of eighteen or
twenty, came out to assist in the housekeeping. She was necessarily brought in
contact with the villagers. Among these were two young Indians about her own
age, sons of a head man, who were quite inclined to annoy the white girl and
play pranks. They would lurk around and, watch her motions, and sometimes when
she would enter the little outdoor meat-house, would fasten her in. One day,
when she was coming out with a pail of buttermilk, one of these young
Pottawatomies stood in the doorway, with his arms stretched across, and refused
to allow her to pass out. Reasoning and entreaty were unavailing, and as a last
resort she took up her pail and, to the great surprise of the impolite young
savage, dashed the buttermilk all over him. He then beat a retreat, and left her
mistress of the field, with only the loss of one bucket of milk. Some time
afterward an errand took her among the wigwams, and at a time, it appeared, when
the occupants had obtained some "fire-water."* Raising the curtain of their
doorway, according to custom, to make an inquiry, the young savages sprang up
and threatened her with their tomahawks. She stood and laughed at them, and at
length, ashamed perhaps to injure the bold, defenceless girl, they let her pass
on and accomplish her errand. This she succeeded in doing, and then returned in
safety to the Bryant cabin, glad to have escaped the peril through which she had
passed. The heroine of these
__________
*The French traders, it is said, did not sell whisky to the Indians, but other
traders and some few settlers did sell to them.
72
incidents soon afterward married, and became an inhabitant of Lake, having now
several grown up daughters, and being the head of one of our well known and
highly respected families.
"A still greater peril was experienced by Mrs. Saxton, who became a resident on
the Wiggins place. Her husband was away, and she was at home with small
children. The evening was cold and stormy, and, as it advanced, an Indian called
at the door requesting shelter. At first his request was refused, but one of the
children pleaded for him; the storm was pelting without, and he was admitted. He
was a young man, and unfortunately had with him a bottle of whiskey. He wanted
some corn bread. It was made, but did not suit him. He drank whiskey and was
cross. An intoxicated man, whether white or red, is an unpleasant guest. A
second trial in the bread line was made, using only meal, and salt, and water,
which succeeded better. The Indian talked some, sat by the fire, drank. He went
to the door and looked out. Something to this effect he muttered, "Pottawatomie
lived all round here; white man drove them away. Ugh!" Then he went back to the
fire. A little child was lying in the cradle, and he threatened its life. The
alarmed mother and children could offer little effectual resistance. But the
Indian delayed to strike the fatal blow. At length he slept. Then the startled
mother poured out what was left in the bottle, and waited for the morning. The
savage and drunken guest awoke, examined his bottle, and finding it empty, said,
"Bad Shemokiman woman! Drink up all Indian's whiskey." He then went off to
Miller's Mill, replenished his bottle and returned. Sometime in the day Dr.
Palmer came along and succeeded in re-
73
lieving this family of their troublesome guest. The next night this Indian's
father came; apologized as best he could; said that was bad Indian and should
trouble them no more.
"One pleasant Red Cedar Lake incident may be here recorded. A party of nine,
eight men and one squaw, called one morning at the residence of H.
Ball, and desired breakfast. It was soon prepared
for them, and all took places at the table and ate heartily. At first only the
men took seats for eating, but their entertainer insisted that the squaw also
should sit down with them. This caused among the Indians no little merriment.
They had brought with them considerable many packages of fur, and as they passed
out each one took two muskrat skins and laid them down as the pay for his
breakfast. They then went into a little store on the place and traded out quite
a quantity of fur. After some hours of trading they quietly departed.
"And still further illustrative of the mode of living and customs of these
French-taught Pottawatomies, let us look again upon the village and white family
at Indian Town.
"A head man resides there called a chief. J. W. Dinwiddie, his father, and
sister, are staying with the Bryant family until their own claim is ready for
occupancy. The chief keeps a cow, and so do the whites. The chief's wife would
bring up their cow, and also would drive along sometimes the other cow, saying
as she passed the settler's cabin, "Here, John, I have brought up Margaret's
cow. This squaw had quite a fair complexion, was between thirty and forty years
of age, in appearance; could talk some English, and was very kind to the whites.
The chief's name
74
was called Shaw-no-quak. Here was also a dancing floor.
The Indians would form in a line for a dance according to age, the oldest always
first, the little children last. They danced in lines back and forth. The old
chief, a young chief, and an old Indian sat together and furnished the music.
This was made by skaking corn in a gourd. The song repeated over and over the
name of their chief. After the dance they feasted on venison soup, with green
corn, made in iron kettles served in wooden trenches with wooden ladles. The
white neighbors present at one of these entertainments were invited to partake.
This the women declined doing, which the chief did not like. And thus he
expressed his displeasure: "No good Shemokiman! no good! no eat! no good
Shemokiman woman!" Then he would pat S. Bryant and say, "Good Shemokiman! Good
Shemokiman! Eat with Indian!"
The Indians here, on the gardens, and elsewhere, lived in lodges or wigwams.
These were made of poles driven into the ground, the tops converging, and around
the circle formed by the poles was wound a species of matting made of flags or
rushes. This woven flag resembled a variety of green window shades seen in some
of our stores and houses. The Indian men wore a calico shirt, leggins,
moccasins, and a blanket. The squaws wore a broadcloth skirt and blanket. They
"toted" or "packed" burdens. The Indians along the marsh kept a good many
ponies. These they loaded heavily with furs and tent-matting when migrating.
They also used canoes for migrating up and down the Kankakee. The village
Indians lost some eighty ponies one winter for want of sufficient food. Those at
Orchard Grove wintered
75
very well. During the winter the men were busy trapping.
Three Indians caught, in one season, thirteen hundred raccoons. They sold the
skins for one dollar and a quarter each, thus making on raccoon fur alone
$1,625. Other fur was very abundant and brought a high price in market. They
trapped economically until they were about to leave forever the hunting-grounds
of their forefathers. They then seemed to care little for the fur interests of
those who had purchased their lands, and were destroying as well as trapping,
when some of the settlers interfered.
One of these was H. Sanger. He, in company with some others, went on to the
marsh to stay the destruction it was said was there going on. He went in advance
of the others after reaching the trapping ground, and told the Indians they must
cease to destroy the homes of the fur-bearers. He was himself a tall, and was
then an athletic man, and said he, "Look yonder. Don't you see my men?"
They did see men coming, and were alarmed, and mentioned to others the
threatening aspect of the "tall Shemokiman."
One Indian burial-place has been mentioned, the one at the McGwinn village. This
contained about one hundred graves. Another has also been referred to at the
head of Cedar Lake. This one has not been specially disturbed. At Big White Oak
Island was a third. Here were a good many graves; and among them six or seven
with crosses. There were probably others over which the plowshare has passed and
no memorial of them remains. At Crown Point was a small garden, and on the
height Indians seem to have camped, but no burial-place is known to have been
found here. A few tomahawks have been found near the present town."
76
Few of the Indians remained after 1840, except around Winamac, where they
lingered till 1844.
To us the Pottawatomies have left their known and unknown burial places, the
names of some of the rivers, "and their own perishing memorials and remembrances
as treasured up by those with whom they had intercourse." And few of those who
saw them at their encampments, on their hardy ponies, in and around their
wigwams, and received some of them into their houses, are living now.
It is only justice that the citizens of Northern Indiana,
as was written in 1872, should treasure up and transmit to posterity, among
their own records, some memories and incidents of the once powerful
Pottawatomies.
Although coming in contact more or less with the Indians for ten years, the
settlers here were fortunate, so far as any record has been found, in this
respect, that no Indian life was taken by a white man. No murder of an Indian by
a settler seems to have been committed, although a settler while hunting came
near to taking life unintentionally. What kind of justice would have been
administered here in case of the murder of an Indian is uncertain.
INDIAN TRAILS.
The early settlers found here some
well marked or well trodden pathways, trodden apparently by human feet and pony
feet, but not by buffalo feet, to which the name was given of "trails."
This word as often used by hunters and frontier men denotes the slight trace
that is left where a wild animal or a man has passed but once, and to follow
77
such a trail is not an easy matter; but it is also used to denote a narrow
pathway that may have been trodden a hundred or a thousand times.
One well defined trail, called the Sac Trail, as made or as supposed to have
been made by the Sacs in journeying from their
eastern to their western limit, passed across La Porte, Porter, and Lake
counties, and as the ground was well chosen it became the line, occasionally
straightened in the years of advancing settlement, for the main eastern and
western thoroughfare from Michigan to Joliet. To
see in one continuous line, living and moving westward now, the Indians that
during their occupancy had passed along it, and then, after them, the white
covered wagons with ox teams and horse teams that from
1836 till even now have passed along that roadway, would be a sight, a
procession, worth going many miles to see.
Southwest a short distance, that is, a few miles from
Kouts, two trails coming together, crossed the Kankakee River, at a good
river and marsh fording place. Traces of some kind of earthworks, covering four
or five acres, were found there in 1836, to which the early settlers gave the
name of fort, conjecturing that it was once a French fort, when Tassinong first
was named. A well-marked trail came up from the
Wabash River called the great "Allen trail," passing near the present town of
Francesville, and crossing the Kankakee, probably, at this fording place where
the trails just mentioned divided.
These seem to have been the larger trails. From
the Sac trail one led off, passing near the Lake of the Red Cedars and across
what was named Lake Prairie, to the Rapids of the Kankakee, where is now Mo-
78
mence. And passing by the old Baillytown one seems to have passed near or along
Lake Michigan to Fort Dearborn, now Chicago. Traders, travellers, scouting
parties, and frontier-men, passed along these trails before the wagons of the
pioneers widened them out with their wheel tracks.
NAVIGATION OF
NORTHWESTERN INDIANA FROM 1800 TO 1900
FRONT MATTER AND DEDICATION
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
- GENERAL OUTLINES
CHAPTER 2
- THE INDIANS
CHAPTER 3
- THE EARLY SETTLERS
CHAPTER 4
- WHAT THE EARLY SETTLERS FOUND
CHAPTER 5
- PIONEER LIFE
CHAPTER 6
- COUNTY ORGANIZATIONS
CHAPTER 7
- OUR LAKES AND STREAMS
CHAPTER 8
- LAKE MICHIGAN WATER SHED
CHAPTER 9
- TOWNSHIP AND STATISTICS
CHAPTER
10 - RAILROAD LIFE
CHAPTER
11 - POLITICAL HISTORY
CHAPTER
12 - THE WAR RECORD
CHAPTER
13 - RELIGIOUS HISTORY
CHAPTER
14 - RELIGIOUS HISTORY
CHAPTER
15 - RELIGIOUS HISTORY
CHAPTER
16 - SUNDAY SCHOOLS
CHAPTER
17 - TOWNS AND VILLAGES OF NEWTON AND JASPER
CHAPTER
18 - TOWNS AND VILLAGES OF WHITE, PULASKI AND STARKE
CHAPTER
19 - VILLAGES, TOWNS AND CITIES OF LAKE
CHAPTER
20 - VILLAGES AND TOWNS OF PORTER
CHAPTER
21 - VILLAGES, TOWNS AND CITIES OF LA PORTE
CHAPTER
22 - EARLY TRAVELS
CHAPTER
23 - PUBLIC SCHOOLS
CHAPTER
24 - PRIVATE AND PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS
CHAPTER
25 - LIBRARIES
CHAPTER
26 - OTHER INDUSTRIES
CHAPTER
27 - SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
CHAPTER
28 - THE KANKAKEE REGION
CHAPTER
29 - DRAINING MARSHES
CHAPTER
30 - ANIMALS AND PLANTS
CHAPTER
31 - MISCELLANEOUS RECORDS
CHAPTER
32 - COURT HOUSES
CHAPTER
33 - ARCHAEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS
CHAPTER
34 - BIRTH PLACES OF PIONEERS
CHAPTER
35 - McCARTY
CHAPTER
36 - ATTEMPTS TO CHANGE
CHAPTER
37 - ALTITUDES
CHAPTER
38 - MISCELLANEOUS RECORDS
CHAPTER
39 - SOME STATISTICS
CHAPTER
40 - WEATHER RECORD
CONCLUSION
Transcribed by Steven R. Shook, April 2012