History of Lake, Porter, and LaPorte, 1927County history published by the Historians' Association . . . .
Source Citation:
Cannon, Thomas H., H. H. Loring, and Charles J. Robb. 1927.
History of
the Lake and Calumet Region of Indiana, Embracing the Counties of Lake,
Porter and LaPorte: An Historical Account of Its People and Its Progress
from the Earliest Times to the Present.
Volume I. Indianapolis, Indiana: Historians' Association. 840 p.
HISTORY OF THE LAKE AND CALUMET REGION OF INDIANA
CHAPTER VII.
AFTER WAYNE AND GREENVILLE -- TECUMSEH AND THE PROPHET.
LONG PERIOD OF PEACE -- INDIAN RESTFULNESS IN 1805 -- TECUMSEH -- THE
PROPHET -- INDIAN FEDERATION -- HARRISON DESTROYS PROPHET'S TOWN AND DEFEATS
THE PROPHET -- BATTLE OF THE THAMES -- DEATH OF TECUMSEH.
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The long peace which followed Wayne and Greenville materially aided the white settlements in strengthening their position to resist Indian aggression. In Ohio generally the settlements were of some size and so located that assistance could be quickly rendered to each other, but in Indiana and on the extreme western border of Ohio, they were more exposed to attack. Up to 1800 the border was generally quiet, with occasional outrages on both sides to create a temporary excitement. In 1800 the Indians began to show signs of unrest. Investigation showed that dissatisfaction with the Greenville Treaty and with its consistent violation by white settlers, was being quietly cultivated among the tribes who signed the treaty, and there was further evidence that hostile influences were being exercised against the Americans to cause discontent among the more distant tribes. It was not uncommon for the Indians generally to express dissatisfaction with a treaty where lands were relinquished for settlement, even after they had shared in the annuities and gifts received, their usual contention being that their chiefs had exceeded their authority or had signed the treaty through undue pressure.
This restlessness among the Indians continued for several years and in 1805 it became certain that an outbreak could not be far distant. By this time Tecumseh had become one of the foremost leaders of all the border tribes north of the Ohio and his influence was being extended to all the tribes east of the Mississippi. He was born in Piqua, Ohio, about 1768, and his brother, the Prophet, about 1771. It has been claimed that he was of mixed extraction but little reliable evidence exists that he had any white blood. The Prophet at times told unbelievable tales of his ancestry, among them being that his grandfather was a Creek Indian for whom the daughter of the English governor of South Carolina conceived a great admiration and the indulgent father permitted them to marry. The Prophet claimed that his father, Puckeshinwau, was a son of this marriage and that the governor caused thirty guns to be fired at the child’s birth.
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There is another tale that his mother was taken when a little girl on a raid on one of the white settlements and was adopted by the Indians. When a young girl she was located by relatives but refused to return to civilization and married an Indian. She had triplets, as the story goes — Tecumseh, his brother, the Prophet, and another brother who remained in obscurity. The most reliable evidence is that his father was a Kiscopoke and his mother belonged to the Turtle tribe of Shawnees. His father was not a chief by birth but attained that rank by merit as a warrior and he was killed at the battle of Kanawha in 1774. The best authorities believe that Tecumseh’s parents accompanied Chief Blackhoof from the south about 1750 and settled on the banks of the Scioto, afterward locating on the Mad River which empties into the Miami. As his father was killed when Tecumseh was about six years old, he was under the influence of his eldest brother, Cheseekau, during his early years and was carefully trained in the arts of warfare and of hunting.
His brother carefully impressed on him the value of truth and honor, a contempt for everything mean and mercenary and stimulated the practice of the higher virtues, so that he would become a great chief both in war and in council. He early achieved distinction among his playmates by his dexterity with the bow and in sham battles between boys and in feats of agility and strength, and his fairness in all contests among them showed he had profited by his training. He thus acquired unbounded influence among the young men of the tribe and when nearing maturity had obtained such a leadership that he was looked upon with great respect by the older warriors. As a boy he became acquainted with the differences between England and the Colonies as his tribe was almost constantly engaged in border warfare against the Americans and on many occasions he was forced to flee, when the Shawnee villages suffered from attack. Growing to maturity in such environment, it would be natural for Tecumseh to feel hatred for the Americans as the English were associated in his boyish mind with friendship for his tribe.
Tecumseh was early taught that Indians had given the American lands along the coast for homes and that they had no right to cross the Alleghenies and dispossess the Indians of the fertile valleys of the Ohio, and he was informed of the many treaties made with the whites which had fixed boundaries for settlement but which were violated by settlers almost as soon as signed. With a mind capable of great imagination he began to dream of an Indian federation to arrest the progress of the Americans and decided to visit the tribes south and west to learn their strength and inves¬tigate the possibilities of the fulfillment of his dream. Before his departure he participated in a successful attack on some flat boats on the Ohio — the only white survivor being burned at the stake — and Tecumseh expressed his vigorous disapproval of this barbarous practice and made the
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members of the war party agree never to indulge in it again and it is claimed they never did.
Tecumseh was absent two years visiting tribes as far as the Gulf Coast and beyond the Mississippi. He took part with them in hunting and also in attacks on white settlements and created a very favorable impression upon them. His elder brother, Cheseekau, who accompanied him, was killed in an attack on a fort and Tecumseh headed the party on the return journey. He arrived in Ohio in 1790 after the defeat of Harmon and Tecumseh found the Indians exulting over their victory and when St. Claire suffered an even more disastrous defeat the joy of the Indians knew no bounds. Tecumseh was heading a scouting party and did not take part in St. Claire’s defeat but he shared the contempt for American soldiers which was now held by the Indians generally. Although very young Tecumseh was now a recognized leader and commanded many war parties who harrassed the settlers, and he soon was recognized as being more humane in his treatment of prisoners than even many of the border whites. Wayne came to redeem the prestige of the Americans and in this battle Tecumseh was an active participant.
The crushing defeat of the Indians destroyed all immediate possibilities of Tecumseh maturing his plans for a federation of Indians, but he continued to dream and dream. Tecumseh had refused to be a party to the Greenville treaty and organized his own band of warriors. Each year he established himself in a new location receiving new accessions to his band and extending his influence not only with the Shawnees but with many other tribes. His matured powers were shown to great advantage at an Indian council in 1799 held near Urbana, Ohio, on account of some trouble with settlers on the Mad River. He was the recognized leader at the council and his reasoning and eloquence swayed the conference. Like previous disputes with settlers the differences were adjusted.
Again in 1803 the eloquence of Tecumseh was used in quieting the Indians and white settlers in the Scioto Valley, as hostilities were feared because of the murder of Captain Howard and the death of Wawilloway, a Shawnee chief, in retaliation. In 1805, a gathering of many small scattered bands of Shawnees took place at Greenville, Ohio, and they decided to make it their headquarters. Here Tecumseh’s brother, the Prophet, announced that he was receiving communications from the Great Spirit and he soon had the tribes in full belief in his supernatural powers. Among his teachings were temperance, the duty of the young to care for the aged and infirm, community of property and opposition to intermarriage with the whites. It was some of Tecumseh’s principles the Prophet was teaching and he made extravagant claims for curing diseases which failed to materialize. Nevertheless his power continued to increase and in November, 1805, he gathered together a large assembly of Wyandots,
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Senecas, Ottawas and Shawnees at Wapakonetta, Ohio, and from that time he began to extend his influence to other tribes in Indiana and Ohio.
His power became so secure that he attracted the attention of the English who found him susceptible to material influence and they therefore corrupted him and he remained ever after their willing tool. If the Prophet had confined himself to teaching his brother’s principles he would have done some good to the Indians but his increasing power aroused the jealousy of some chiefs who made light of his pretentions and the Prophet retaliated by denouncing them as being under the influence of evil spirits and in some cases charged them with being witches, which lost them their power and influence with their tribes. Any one who opposed him was likely to receive his condemnation and the superstitious Indians killed them in consequence.
The many deaths resulting from the Prophet’s appeal to the superstitions of the Indians aroused Harrison, who realized the danger of religious fanaticism, and he sent a letter to be read to the Indians ridiculing the Prophet which resulted in the loss of many of his followers. His influence was restored to a large extent when he boldly announced that on a certain day he would cause darkness to come over the sun. It is claimed the English were responsible for the Prophet’s utterance and that they informed him of the great eclipse of the sun which took place in 1806 and when the sun darkened at noon — as the Prophet foretold it would — the incident was accepted as a proof of his supernatural powers. It was the English policy to keep the tribes in ferment and promote hatred of the Americans as the violation of our rights at sea was breeding the second war with England which came six years later.
While the Prophet was attaining ascendancy, Tecumseh was not idle and quietly but effectively he promoted his federation. Delegations came to Greenville from distant tribes and Tecumseh’s eloquent portrayal of the wrongs of the Indian and the Prophet’s boasted claims of supernatural power caused these delegations to return to their tribes with the recommendation that they follow Tecumseh in his designs, whenever he was ready. As Tecumseh and the Prophet were maintaining headquarters in territory ceded by the Indians to the United States, they were requested to remove beyond the boundary line for settlers which had been agreed upon at Greenville.
Tecumseh, who was not a party to the treaty of Greenville, denounced the boundary line and stated the land belonged to the Indians in common and no tribe had the right to dispose of it and he proposed to stay at Greenville.
At this period from 600 to 1,000 Indians were constantly at the Prophet’s headquarters, new arrivals taking the place of those departing. The situation was not overlooked by the governor of Ohio who sent commissioners with a letter to be read to the Prophet in which the governor
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desired to know why the continued gathering of Indians on land not now belonging to them. He also explained the relations with Great Britain and the possibility of the United States engaging in war with her in which event he expected the Indians would remain neutral. An Indian council was called and attended by Shawnees, Wyandots, Tawas, Chippewas, Winnepaus, Malominese, Malockese, Secawgoes and, as would be expected, the Pottawattomies of the Lake and Calumet region of Indiana with a few representatives of more distant tribes.
Blue Jacket, the Shawnee chief, explained the Indian position and the various boundary lines made by the French and Americans and stated that the English maintained that the original French boundary of the Alleghenies was the proper one and that they would assist the Indians in keeping back the Americans. Further, he stated the tribes knew that war was likely between the English and Americans and the Indians desired to keep out of it. The Prophet claimed that he had been inspired by the Great Spirit to locate at Greenville and preach the higher virtues to the Indians and he desired to remain there. It was agreed that four chiefs including Tecumseh should return with the commissioners to Chillicothe and see the governor of Ohio. Tecumseh had reserved his eloquence for the governor and for three hours at one meeting he discussed relations with the whites.
He denounced the various treaties and treated their validity with scorn stating nearly all of them of importance had been signed by the Indians after a defeat and under pressure which they could not resist. He stated boldly the whites had no rights west of the Alleghenies that any Indian should respect, and that the further parting with land by the Indians he would resist and advise the tribes accordingly. Notwithstanding his defiance, he maintained he had no intention of making war unless the whites should continue to encroach on Indian territory. Those who heard Tecumseh at this meeting state his manner was bold and commanding and words came to him freely, while his gestures were forceful and expressive and his every utterance indicated reasoning of a high order and his genuine ability commanded the respect and admiration of the governor and his attendants.
His assurance to the governor that war was not intended, caused the governor to disband the militia who had been called for service as the situation was so disquieting. In the fall of 1807 another outbreak seemed imminent and another council was called at Springfield, Ohio, attended by 300 Indians. Although the commissioners desired the Indians to leave their arms in the forest outside, Tecumseh refused to do so. Most of the Indians were in a conciliatory spirit but when Tecumseh spoke, his eloquence swayed young and old warriors alike and his actions were so defiant that it appeared the council would break up with a resort to arms.
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Some of the chiefs did not want trouble so the differences were adjusted, but left Tecumseh stronger than ever with the tribes. His attitude at the council became known and as his growing power was appreciated, the frontier continued in a state of alarm.
Harrison now determined to take a hand and he sent a letter to the Indians in which the Prophet was denounced as an imposter and as a tool of the British, which letter was read to the Prophet. He vigorously denied that he was a British agent or that he meant war but delegations continued to visit him and as many of them were going home without food Harrison prudently saw that their wants were supplied to prevent any immediate trouble. As Greenville was now becoming too dangerous a place for headquarters and the settlers were demanding the Prophet’s removal, Tecumseh saw the advisability of establishing new headquarters further west as his plans were not yet ready to mature. The Pottawattomies and the Kickapoos gave Tecumseh and the Prophet a large tract of land on the Tippecanoe River and with their followers they established what became known as Prophet’s Town.
The Miamis and Delawares objected to the removal as they were aware of Tecumseh’s ultimate object and in case of an outbreak, the Miamis and Delawares being in close proximity to the settlers would certainly suffer and they had not yet forgotten Wayne, while at the new location Tecumseh and the Prophet would have more freedom of action, denied them at Greenville which could be quickly reached in case prompt military action on the part of the Americans' was necessary. Tecumseh pacified the Miamis and Delawares and the Pottawattomies and other northern and western tribes became regular visitors to the Prophet at his new location. The Prophet visited Harrison and convinced him for a time that his preaching was not associated with ulterior designs against the Americans and everything the Prophet was doing seemed to indicate a purpose to better the condition of the Indian.
Later Harrison concluded that the Prophet’s protestations of good faith and integrity were unfounded and especially after he was assured that Tecumseh had gone on a visit to very distant tribes to bring about the Federation which he thought the time had now arrived to mature. To the far West and South went Tecumseh in his travels and he and his plans were universally well received. His most impressive utterances were made when comparing the weakness of the Indians with the strength of the “Seventeen Fires” which were the seventeen states of the United States with the “Great Father” at their head, and “if they were strong by unity,” said Tecumseh, “then why not all the Indian tribes unite under one great chief?” Clever as Tecumseh maneuvered, the Government became convinced of his object, and with a war with Great Britain almost certain, it was essential to immediately destroy Tecumseh’s influence, as if an Indian
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Federation intent on war was in existence at the outbreak with Great Britain, the Government would have a serious situation to contend with on the frontier with disastrous consequences to settlers.
Governor Harrison received information in April, 1809, that the Prophet was bent on mischief and had issued an order to his followers to be ready to take up arms against the Government and further that many of them had deserted in consequence. Harrison immediately mobilized two companies of militia to reinforce the garrison of Fort Knox at Vincennes and when this information reached the Prophet he visited Vincennes to assure. Harrison he was for peace and the reported uprising was confined to the Mississippi Valley tribes and that he had dissuaded them from their purpose. Nevertheless Harrison continued to receive information that British intrigue was at work among the Indians and that an outbreak was certain to occur and it was known that the Indians were being generously supplied with guns and ammunition by the British.
The Wyandots, who had not been considered likely to follow Tecumseh, now came under his influence and was a great source of strength to him, as they were venerated by other tribes for their wisdom and talents and for this reason were the possessors of the copy of the original treaty of Greenville, and also the Great Belt which was the symbol of unity among the tribes during the period of Harmon, St. Claire and Wayne. The Miamis forgot their fears and followed the Wyandots, and other tribes signified their intention to follow the Great Belt. Reasonable knowledge now prevailed that at least 5,000 warriors south of the Great Lakes were pledged to Tecumseh’s Federation, but Blackhoof of the Shawnees urged the members of his tribe not associated with Tecumseh to refrain from joining him, stating that it was impossible to hold back the whites and that Tecumseh’s plans could not be successfully executed.
In June, 1810, Winnemac, head chief of the Pottawattomies, headed a delegation to Governor Harrison and informed him that at an Indian council held at St. Joseph, the Delawares were present and influenced the other Indians not to join Tecumseh and he also gave Harrison complete information of the efforts already made to form a Confederacy of the Trans-Mississippi tribes. Tecumseh came to Vincennes and discussed with the governor the reported survey which the Government was about to make on the Wabash, and very frankly told the governor that the Wabash survey would be prevented by the Indians, and no further encroachments on Indian lands would be permitted and in this determination he was joined by the other chiefs present. At this meeting blood came near being shed and it appeared for a moment that Harrison’s life was in danger but the conference finally was concluded in an amicable spirit.
Harrison asked Tecumseh if it came to war if Tecumseh would prevent his warriors from the practice of their usual cruel methods of warfare
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against women and children. Tecumseh promised he would and he did. In the next few months many tribes agreed to join the Confederacy and early in 1811, Tecumseh went on what was to be his last visit to the distant tribes, as he was nearly ready to act. Harrison decided that the best move to make was to take quick action against the Indians at Prophets Town, as knowing Indian character so well, the effect would be to dissolve the Federation before it could be made fully effective. In a letter to the War Department General Harrison speaks of Tecumseh as follows: “If it were not for the vicinity of the United States he would be perhaps the founder of an empire that would rival in glory Mexico or Peru. No difficulties deter him. For four years he has been in constant motion. You see him today on the Wabash and in a short time hear of him on the shores of Lake Erie or Michigan or on the banks of the Mississippi, and wherever he goes he makes an impression favorable to his purpose. He is now upon the last round to put a finishing stroke to his work. I hope, however, before his return,” says the General, “that that part of the work which he considered complete will be demolished and even its foundation rooted up.”
Taking advantage of Tecumseh’s absence, he asked the Government for sufficient force to execute his plans. A regiment from Pittsburg and some Kentucky volunteers were promptly furnished him and he quickly moved his forces to near Prophets Town. He sent word ahead, ordering all visiting warriors to return to their tribes and abandon the Prophet or the Government would inflict punishment upon them. A few did so, and with Indian caution many others refrained from going to aid the Prophet as Harrison’s expedition to Prophets Town was generally known, and the wiser Indians among the tribes with a past experience in mind, awaited the result of Harrison’s campaign and a demonstration of the Prophet's power in battle against a real leader like Harrison, before openly an¬nouncing their adherence to Tecumseh.
A deputation of Indians representing the Prophet and his followers, met Harrison and arranged for a meeting the next day to make peace, but during the night the Indians changed their mind, and as the element of surprise always entered into their conduct of war, they decided to attack Harrison that night. Harrison’s soldiers, however, were sleeping on their arms and being thoroughly trained for a night attack, they surprised the Indians with their readiness in resisting them in a battle in the darkness. Shortly after dawn the contest was over. The Indians were thoroughly defeated and retreated in all directions, some of them not stopping until they reached their own tribal villages. The Prophet had told his followers that they would be immune from American bullets and with his supernatural power he would destroy Harrison and his soldiers. His followers found, however, that American bullets were just as effective as ever and
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instead of the Prophet destroying Harrison’s army, Harrison’s soldiers fought like Wayne’s.
The revelation made them so incensed that for a time the Prophet’s life was in danger. Many Indians wanted to kill him as a proof that they had fully awakened to their folly and to show their contrition, and in this way avoid punishment from Harrison. A few days after the battle Tecumseh returned, and his disappointment knew no bounds when he found his work seemingly undone at one blow, and he threatened the Prophet with death for not avoiding battle with Harrison at any cost. If Tecumseh had been in Prophets Town there would have been no battle, as he would have arranged some way with Harrison to avoid an attack at that time and if he was forced to engage Harrison’s troops, then with his wonderful energy and persuasive ability, he would have met Harrison with an over-powering force. It was Tecumseh’s absence which gave Harrison the opportunity with a comparatively small force, to venture on the destruction of Prophets Town with a prospect of success.
With his plans gone wrong, his own band scattered and the Prophet in disgrace, Tecumseh then showed his great ability for leadership. He was here, there and everywhere instilling new life into his discouraged followers, and though received coolly by some of the Ohio tribes, he persevered in his endeavors to again reunite them. After the usual excuses to Harrison and after they had obtained their government annuities which Harrison still allowed them, he discovered that many of the tribes had again succumbed to Tecumseh’s influence, notwithstanding their recent claims to repentence. Tecumseh, feeling now assured of the recovery of his power, notified Harrison of his desire to visit the President, an invitation to Washington for this purpose having been made by Harrison the previous year. Harrison replied that the visit would be arranged but Tecumseh would not be permitted to bring other Indians with him. Being a great chief and a true Indian, Tecumseh expected to bring a large delegation of chiefs with him as becoming to his dignity, and this not being allowed, the visit was not made.
As depredations continued, Harrison demanded the tribes drive the Prophet and all other disaffected Indians from among them. To discuss this demand, a council of twelve tribes was held at Mississenewa in May, 1812. The Wyandots who were now anxious for peace very mildly reproved Tecumseh’s band and he replied by stating he was for peace, but the Pottawattomies were continuing their depredations and he had no control over them. The Pottawattomie chiefs replied by stating that the acts of their young men were due to the bad influence of the Prophet. Before the council concluded its deliberations, all the tribes represented blamed the Prophet or other tribes for being led into trouble with Americans and it was agreed that peace must be had. As Tecumseh knew that
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the war with England was about to break forth he went to Malden and joined the British. With Colonel Proctor, Tecumseh now became active in the war with Great Britain which in June 1812 was declared to exist by Congress.
He participated in a number of engagements and was a power in battle. Harrison, after several successful engagements, determined to attack Proctor at Malden, as Perry’s victory on Lake Erie made the prospect of success favorable. Proctor retreated with his forces but was driven by Tecumseh to give battle near the Thames and was decisively defeated. It was some days before it became known that Tecumseh was killed in the battle, and Shaubena, Tecumseh’s aid, declared that Tecumseh was killed by Colonel Johnson of the mounted Kentucky riflemen with a pistol shot, when he attacked Johnson with his tomahawk. This story has been disputed and the truth will never be definitely known.
When Tecumseh died the greatest of all red men known to the whites passed into history. While his idea of a Federation was an old one and could not possibly succeed in its object of driving back the whites, yet in carrying through his plans, Tecumseh demonstrated he had ability of such extraordinary character as to entitle him to the first page in all Indian history. His reasoning powers were far beyond his race, and in council all other chiefs who differed from him showed in their actions the timidity of weakness, as they fully realized their impotence in argument with this giant of Indian intellects. His influence with the various tribes was a natural one as he had every quality the Indian admired. His courage was demonstrated from the Lakes to the Gulf as he had fought many battles in his wanderings as well as on the Ohio border and was always in the most dangerous and exposed situations.
Nothing could more clearly show his great patience than the years he spent in organizing his federation and gradually overcoming all opposition and tribal jealousy. While he had the natural cunning of the Indian in many ways, yet he had a great nobility of character, and every evidence shows that he abhorred the cruel and barbarous practices of his race in war. He is described as nearly six feet in height, with a compact muscular frame. His head was of moderate size, his forehead full and high, his nose aquiline, eyes black and very penetrating, and he had heavy arched brows. He dressed plainly but was generally neat in appearance and no matter what gathering he attended, his calm and dignified bearing, his lofty spirit and commanding personal presence, set him apart from all other Indians as a chief of great distinction.
His hostility to whiskey and to every Indian vice and his advocacy of tribal regulations to improve the Indian moral standards, show he unselfishly desired the uplifting of his race, and his own code of principles, taught by the Prophet in the earlier stages of the Prophet’s career, and
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to which Tecumseh rigidly adhered, is abundant testimony of the high moral qualities with which he was endowed and almost unbelievable to be found in his environment. By comparison with Pontiac, they both shine brightly, but in nearly every respect the superiority of Tecumseh is manifest. The absence of Indian vices in Tecumseh — of which Pontiac was not wholly free — and the more humane standard of warfare which Tecumseh both advocated and practiced, were some of the virtues of Tecumseh by comparison with Pontiac, which strongly appealed to the whites.
Both of them had the most wonderful oratorical power and persuasive ability and, while Pontiac was a great warrior, there is no question but Tecumseh had few equals and no superiors among the Indians in courage and in the planning of and leading an Indian force into battle. Patriotism, courage, eloquence, genius for organization and administration were his and he failed in his purpose because he was fighting the forces of civilization and the odds against him were too great. It was well said of him by Eggleston that he was “the finest flower ever produced by the aboriginal American race.”
NAVIGATION OF
HISTORY OF THE LAKE AND CALUMET REGION OF INDIANA
FOREWARD
AN APPRECIATION
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I - Geology and Topography
CHAPTER II - The Mound Builders
CHAPTER III - Days of Indian Occupancy
CHAPTER IV - Early Explorations
CHAPTER V - Border Warfare
CHAPTER VI - Lake and Calumet Region Becomes Part of United States
CHAPTER VII - After Wayne and Greenville - Tecumseh and the Prophet
CHAPTER VIII - Indian Peace
CHAPTER IX - Early Settlements and Pioneers - County Organization
CHAPTER X - Townships - Towns - Villages
CHAPTER XI - Pioneer Life
CHAPTER XII - The Lake Michigan Marshes
CHAPTER XIII - Agriculture and Livestock
CHAPTER XIV - Military Annals
CHAPTER XV - The Lake and Calumet Region in the World War
CHAPTER XVI - The Newspapers
CHAPTER XVII - The Medical Profession
CHAPTER XVIII - The Bench and Bar in the Lake and Calumet Region
CHAPTER XIX - Churches
CHAPTER XX - Schools
CHAPTER XXI - Libraries
CHAPTER XXII - Social Life
CHAPTER XXIII - The Dunes of Northwestern Indiana
CHAPTER XXIV - Banks and Banking
CHAPTER XXV - Transportation and Waterways
CHAPTER XXVI - Cities
CHAPTER XXVII - Industrial Development
CHAPTER XXVIII - Chambers of Commerce
Transcribed by Steven R. Shook, December 2022