History of Lake, Porter, and LaPorte, 1927County history published by the Historians' Association . . . .
Source Citation:
Cannon, Thomas H., H. H. Loring, and Charles J. Robb. 1927.
History of
the Lake and Calumet Region of Indiana, Embracing the Counties of Lake,
Porter and LaPorte: An Historical Account of Its People and Its Progress
from the Earliest Times to the Present.
Volume I. Indianapolis, Indiana: Historians' Association. 840 p.
HISTORY OF THE LAKE AND CALUMET REGION OF INDIANA
CHAPTER XIV.
MILITARY ANNALS.
SPLENDID MILITARY RECORD -- CAUSES OF THE WAR WITH MEXICO, CIVIL WAR AND WAR
WITH SPAIN -- LAPORTE, PORTER AND LAKE COUNTY VOLUNTEERS -- COLONEL JOHN
WHEELER -- WAR RELIEF ORGANIZATIONS.
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Since the settlement of the Lake and Calumet Region, our country has been engaged in four wars and in proportion to their population and resources, LaPorte, Porter and Lake counties have good reason to feel proud of their contribution of men and money to bring victory to our arms. In fact the record of Lake County in the World War was almost unrivalled in the country, in the prompt recognition of the military, financial and civic responsibility resting on every citizen in order to win the war and preserve democratic institutions, and the wonderfully successful efforts in every line of activity to bring success to our cause, and the many sacrifices made, sheds a patriotic lustre on the zealous, country loving citizenship which time can never dim. The splendors of the achievements will long be an inspiration to its succeeding generations and a pardonable glow of pride can ever mantle the brow of her citizens when they recall the brilliant results of the united endeavors of the patriotic freemen of Lake County in rendering aid and assistance to the government. LaPorte County also made great sacrifices and its contribution in every line of effort showed the patriotic spirit which animated the citizens, and Porter County, considering its resources, acquitted itself nobly. Beginning with LaPorte County the military record of the Lake and Calumet Region in the Mexican, Civil and Spanish American wars will be related and a separate chapter devoted to the World War. The causes which led to the war with Mexico, the Civil war and the war with Spain are briefly related.
WAR WITH MEXICO.
When the Republic of Texas was accepted into the Union of States it was over the protest of Mexico, and Texas also carried with it a disputed boundary line. Texas maintained that its boundray line was the Rio Giande, while Mexico as strongly maintained that the boundary was the River Nueces. Mexico refused to yield and the United States Government placed troops in the disputed territory along the Rio Grande and the war followed. It resulted in the loss to Mexico of not only the territory
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between the two rivers but its entire northwestern territory which included upper California, Arizona and New Mexico.
CIVIL WAR.
During the short period of peace which followed the Mexican war, the abolition of slavery became the principal political question. It had been a growing issue for many years previous but the rapid development of the Northern and Central sections of the country through immigration became a matter of grave concern to the South as it meant the weakening of its political power and it was only a question of time when the growing numerical strength of the Northern states, whose people were opposed to slavery, would in some form bring about its abolition. To this the South would not agree as they looked upon the institution of slavery as an economic necessity for the southern section of the country and rather than submit to the destruction of slavery which the South believed would ruin that section, it became a growing conviction among the leaders in the South that a resort to arms would be necessary to' preserve the institution and delay would only add to the strength of the North.
Ever since the adoption of the Constitution there had been differences of opinion as to the rights of a state to withdraw from the Union if conditions arose wherein the people of a state felt their interests were imperiled by further adherence to the Union, and the so-called doctrine of State Rights had many supporters both north and south. In Jackson’s administration, South Carolina had announced that it would pass an Act of Secession and withdraw from the Union which was answered by President Jackson with the statement that the Union of States was fixed and irrevocable and he threatened the use of the armed forces of the United States to prevent the secession, if South Carolina should carry out its announced program, which on further consideration it failed to do.
Throughout the South, the radical claim of limited adherence to the Union which was generally associated with the doctrine of State Rights was accepted as a principle and in 1861 the South believing that further delay was dangerous to its interests withdrew from the Union by Acts of Secession on the part of the various states.
President Buchanan had surrounded himself with Southern sympathizers and many of his cabinet officials were in strong sympathy with the South and they stripped the northern forts and arsenals of military supplies and transferred them to the South, which action was keenly felt by the North when the situation was discovered after President Lincoln was inaugurated, as it placed the South in condition for immediate military action.
In the North, the majority of people would not believe that the South would secede until the Acts of Secession had passed, and that war would
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ensue until the attack on Fort Sumter demonstrated that the South fully intended to dissolve the Union. In the South, a large element of the population had been led to believe that the that the strength of the South would make the North hesitate to engage in a war to preserve the Union. Both elements were mistaken. Loyalty to the state was the accepted principle in the South while in the North the cry was “the Union must and shall be preserved,” and on this issue the war was fought.
THE WAR WITH SPAIN.
In the early part of the 19th century Spain lost nearly all her North and South America possessions but retained Cuba, Porto Rico and some small West India Islands. On several occasions revolutions broke out in Cuba in an effort to throw off the Spanish yoke, but they were unsuccessful. The Spanish method of government in the Island aroused great sympathy in the United States for its native inhabitants and many people in this country believed that its nearness to our shores made its independence or its annexation to the United States desirable as an aid to our national security. During the revolution that was in progress just prior to our entering the conflict, the rigorous measures adopted by the Spanish government in suppressing it caused such a feeling of resentment in America that a majority of our population were in favor of intervention on the part of our government to bring about the independence of the island.
Pressure on the government officials was very great and when an American war vessel, the Maine, was destroyed in the harbor of Havana, the American people, without waiting to determine the cause, concluded immediately that it had been torpedoes by Spanish sympathizers or sunk by a mine through Spanish design, and over night America became so aroused the government could not be restrained from action and war was declared. The result of the war was the independence of Cuba and the transfer to the United States of the remaining West India islands including Porto Rico and also Guam and the Phillipine Islands in the Pacific.
LAPORTE COUNTY.
When in 1846 news reached LaPorte County that a state of war existed between the United States and Mexico and that volunteers were wanted, it took but little time to raise a company for service in Mexico. Recruiting was stimulated by veterans of the War of 1812 and 1815, who had kept alive the military spirit and though too old for service, they aroused great enthusiasm through patriotic speeches and urged a prompt response to the appeal for volunteers. A company of ninety-two men under the commend of Captain W. W. McCoy was organized in May,
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1847, and left for Mexico in June. They were the recipients of a beautiful silk flag, a gift of the women of LaPorte County, and for fourteen months it was proudly carried on many battle fields including those in General Scott’s campaign to Mexico City. On the return of the Company, the flag, now shattered and torn in service, was given to John B. Fravel by Captain Robert Fravel, who succeeded Captain McCoy who had been promoted to Major of the Fourth Indiana Regiment for meritorious service. Some died of disease and others were killed in battle or died of wounds and the company’s record was a proud and meritorious one and filled with deeds of valor and of courage.
Between 1847 an 1861 there was but a short period of peace and after Fort Sumter was fired upon, among the first to offer their services when President Lincoln called for volunteers were some of the surviving veterans of Captain Fravel’s Company in the Mexican War. Great excitement prevailed throughout LaPorte County at the fall of Fort Sumter and while the siege was in progress meetings of citizens took place where democrats and republicans vied with each other in their expressions of devotion to the preservation of the Union. A company of volunteers was raised in a few days at LaPorte with D. J. Woodward, Captain; T. J. Patton, First Lieutenant; George H. Carter, Second Lieutenant; and Joseph Richards, Third Lieutenant. Conforming to state military orders the Company consisted of eighty-four men including rank and file. An artillery company was also raised in LaPorte while Captain Woodward’s Company was being organized.
Anticipating President Lincoln’s call for volunteers, recruiting had become active all over the county and when Captain Woodward's Company left for Camp Morton at Indianapolis there were two additional companies fully enlisted and ready for organization. Captain Woodward’s Company was attached to the celebrated Ninth Indiana Regiment and participated in the first campaign in West Virginia. As the first call for troops was for three months’ service and the government saw a long war in prospect, when the company returned to LaPorte it was reorganized and enlistments were only accepted for three years’ service. On the reorganization Captain Woodward was made Major of the Ninth Regiment and Lieutenant Patton became Captain, and Second Lieutenant Carter, became First Lieutenant.
Michigan City, also, was prompt in showing its patriotism. Meetings of citizens were held before and immediately after the fall of Fort Sumter and in anticipation of the call for volunteers, a company was recruited in four days and under the command of Capt. William H. Blake, was sent to Camp Morton and there attached to the Ninth Indiana Regiment of which the LaPorte Company was already a part. A company of zouaves was organized in LaPorte, composed of recruits throughout the county,
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but they were unable to join Lew Wallace’s Eleventh Indiana Regiment of Zouaves, which was their intention, as the regiment of zouaves was complete. Much disappointed, the company nevertheless decided to fully organize and elected James M; Shannon, Captain; H. M. Brusie, First Lieutenant; J. E. Sweet, Second Lieutenant; and A. H. Dustin, Third Lieutenant. Shortly afterwards the company decided to join the Twentieth Indiana Regiment for the full three years’ service and the records of the Ninth and Twentieth regiments will be more fully described in the story of Porter County’s participation in the Civil war.
On account of the many volunteers leaving dependents behind them, the citizens who for various reasons could not engage in military service, raised thousands of dollars by subscription to care for the dependents, and at a meeting held at Huntsman Hall in LaPorte on April 24, 1861, it was decided to appoint committees to continue during the war and with established plans for the distribution of relief. A general committee was selected with power to appoint other committees. The general committee consisted of Hon. Charles W. Cathcart as president; James Forrester, James Bradley, A. L. Osborn and Amzi Clark, vice presidents; John Milliken, C. G. Powell and William H. Scott, General Orr, William J. Walker, W. D. Biddle, M. H. Weir, W. C. Hannah, Harvey Truesdell, Sutton Van Pelt and Henry Lusk.
The women were early aroused and not only kept up the patriotic spirit but formed relief associations throughout the county to furnish hospital supplies and care for diseased and wounded men and their families. Until the end of the war they were unremitting in their duties and never relaxed in their noble work of supplying comforts to the soldier and his family. The full list of soldiers who served in the war from LaPorte County has been repeatedly published and therefore would be superfluous here, but the number of enlistments which was 2,900 white and eleven colored, are made a matter of record here and will show the great loyalty of LaPorte County, as the number of enlistments rank among the highest in the state in proportion to population. The regiments to whom the various recruits were assigned were scattered over the entire field of military activities and there was hardly an important battle in the war in which some LaPorte County soldiers did not take part. More than two hundred died in the service of our country and others carried wounds which materially incapacitated them in after life. Promotions for meritorious service and deeds of valor were frequent among officers and privates, and Lieutenant Colonels Newell Gleason and Jasper Packard, were made colonels and later brigadier generals by brevet.
The war with Spain again showed the loyalty of LaPorte County. The destruction of the Maine meant war and immediately hundreds offered to volunteer and those who had been accepted in Company L, a
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volunteer company of Michigan City containing seventy-three men, were considered fortunate in having an opportunity to engage in military service. Five young men from LaPorte County enlisted in Company A, Starke County and a few others were accepted in other outside volunteer companies. In May and June, 1898, through the efforts of Orrin Z. Hub- bell of Elkhart, R. B. Oglesbee of Plymouth, a former captain in the State Militia, and Robert E. Morrison of LaPorte, a full regiment was organized, composed of volunteers from LaPorte and nearby counties, and the services of the regiment tendered to Governor Mount. In as much as other sections of the state had no volunteers in service and wanted recognition and the northern section was already represented through another regiment, the services of the newly organized regiment was not accepted, but nevertheless it was kept fully organized and ready in case more soldiers were needed.
In this regiment, a full company of volunteers from the city of LaPorte were to be a part and this company was recruited in about four days. The officers of the regiment were O. Z. Hubbel, Colonel; R. E. Morrison, Lieutenant Colonel; R. B. Oglesbee, First Major; Rev. E. D. Daniels, Chaplain. As the war was of short duration and the government had more soldiers than were necessary, only the Michigan City company saw service, but the expression of patriotism was everywhere throughout the county and the spirit of willing sacrifice was apparent in every household, and the fullest loyalty was assured the government had the citizens been further called upon.
PORTER COUNTY.
Like LaPorte County, the military record of Porter County begins with the Mexican war and though it was sparsely settled in that period, its contribution to the call of the government for aid and assistance was generous. Lake County was in a similar situation and through the efforts of Joseph P. Smith, at that time clerk of Lake County, which office he resigned, a company was recruited from volunteers composed largely of citizens of Lake County, but included about fifteen volunteers from Porter County. Some other Porter County citizens enlisted outside the county, but their number is not definitely known. The Lake County company of which the Porter County volunteers were a part, became Company H and attached to the Sixteenth United States Infantry, and while their service was largely the guarding of wagon trails and supplies, climatic conditions caused heavy losses to the company through disease, and of the 119 men who went into service it is said only thirty-six returned.
Like in other sections, the attack on Fort Sumter aroused the patriotism of Porter County and when President Lincoln called for seventy-five thousand volunteers, a meeting of citizens was promptly called in the
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courthouse at Valparaiso which was presided over by Dr. E. Jones, with J. F. McCarthy and A. J. Berry acting as secretaries. A committee consisting of Doctor Cameron, Jacob Brewer, S. S. and J. N. Skinner and Mark LaMotte were appointed to draft resolutions of loyalty and they reported a set of stirring resolutions which were unanimously adopted. It was suggested at the meeting that a company of volunteers be formed and action was immediately taken and in a few days 130 men were ready for organization. On Sunday, April 21st, the new organized company left for camp in Indianapolis and the following day, in the presence of Governor Morton, they were sworn into service by Judge Perkins of the Indiana Supreme Court. At Camp Morton the company was reduced to seventy-seven men and as Company H became a part of the Ninth Indiana Infantry. The remainder formed a new Company and were known as the Valparaiso Guard. The officers of Company H. were, Robert A. Cameron, Captain; Isaac C. B. Suman, First Lieutenant; Gilbert A. Pierce, Second Lieutenant.
As mentioned in the story of LaPorte County in the Civil war, the Ninth Indiana Regiment was in the first West Virginia campaign and fought at Laurel Hill and were in other lesser engagements including “the Privates” battle of Belington where under the fire of sharp-shooters, the men could not be restrained, and despite official orders not to bring on an action, they followed Sergeant Copp and cleaned up the neighboring woods of Confederate troops. The three months term of enlistment expired and the Company returned to Indianapolis, being mustered out on July 29th. Plans for reorganizing were immediately put into effect and on Sept. 9th, 1861 it was again mustered into service for three years. On the reorganization, Lieutenant Suman was made Captain, DeWitt C. Hodsen, First Lieutenant and William H. Benney, Second Lieutenant. The Ninth Regiment were again sent to West Virginia and after some minor engagements joined General Buell’s army before Nashville as a part of General Nelson’s Division. The company saw plenty of real fighting as it took part in the Battle of Shiloh, the campaign against Corinth and was in the pursuit of Bragg’s army with engagements at Perryville, Danville and Wild Cat Mountain. Later it was in the Battles of Stone River, Chicamauga and in the military operations at Chattanooga. It became a part of General Sherman’s army and participated in the fall of Atlanta and then saw service with General Thomas at Nashville. It was later assigned to General Sheridan’s command, serving in Louisiana and Texas, being finally mustered out in September, 1865.
The Valparaiso Guards were made a part of Company C, Fifteenth Indiana Infantry which was one of the six Indiana regiments who were mustered into United States service in 1861. The officers were John M. Camparet, Captain; O. H. Ray, First Lieutenant, and John F. McCarthy,
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Second Lieutenant. They first saw service in West Virginia, participating in the battles of Rich Mountain and Green Brier and later became a part of General Buell’s army. It was engaged in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth, Perryville, Stone River and Chattanooga, and later was a part of the command sent to relieve General Burnside who was besieged at Knoxville. The Company was mustered out of service in August, 1865. Company I, Twentieth Indiana Infantry, composed of Porter County volunteers, was commanded by William W. Macey, Captain; Richard T. Henderson, First Lieutenant; Jesse M. Potts, Second Lieutenant. It was a part of the land forces at Fortress Monroe when the Merrimack attacked the Union Fleet. Later it joined the army of the Potomac and was engaged in the Battles of Fair Oaks, Orchards and Glendale. It also participated in the battles of Manasses Plains and Chantilly. As a part of Franklin’s corp it was in the Battle of Fredericksburg and later under General Hooker was in the Battle of Chancellorsville. It was a part of the troops sent to New York to quell the draft riot and then under General Grant took part in the battles of the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Spotsylvania, and the Siege of Petersburg. It participated in the closing of the Virginia campaign under Grant and was present when Lee surrendered at Appamatox. It was mustered out of service in July, 1865.
Scattered through other regiments were hundreds of Porter County men and nearly all of them saw active service against the Confederate forces. Some of the Porter County volunteers attained high rank through promotions. Among them were Lieutenant Suman, who became Brigadier General by Brevet in 1865 and Captain Cameron who became Major General by Brevet in 1865 “for gallant and meritorious service,” and minor officers and privates were advanced to important positions in rank. The total enrollment for Porter County as near as can be ascertained was 1,136. Of this number 110 died of disease; 24 were killed in action; 13 died of wounds; 2 died by accident; a total loss of 149 who gave their life for the preservation of the Union. In addition were the hundreds who in after life suffered from disease or wounds contracted in the service.
The citizens at home also did their part in rendering aid to dependents of soldiers at the front and providing relief to the sick and wounded in the various hospitals where the armies were in action. On May 1st, 1861, a Sanitary Commission consisting of Elias Axe, A. J. Buel, Joseph Pierce, S. W. Smith, M. A. Salisbury, R. Bell, Jr., and E. J. Jones, were appointed at a meeting of citizens of Valparaiso held at the courthouse and a stirring appeal made to the citizens of Northwestern Indiana to provide every form of relief possible to the soldiers at the front and their families at home. The Sanitary Commission rendered excellent service in its work of relief, expending about $55,000 and in addition paid
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for bounties approximately $65,000, all of which was contributed by citizens of Porter County.
The lack of preparation for war in many things and especially military training, was painfully brought home to the people of the North in the early stages of the conflict and especially in states like Indiana where there were no militia and whose volunteers were “raw recruits” in every meaning of the term. After the war there was agitation for the formation of the Indiana National Guard and in 1880 companies were formed in various counties in the state. A company was formed in Porter County in 1881 with A. W. Lytle, Captain; William E. Brown, First Leutenant; William C. Wells, Second Lieutenant; and the Porter County Company was assigned to the Third Regiment. It was active for about eight years and then disbanded.
When a state of war was declared to exist with Spain and immediately after President McKinley issued the call for volunteers in 1898, a meeting was held at the Armory at Valparaiso to see about reorganizing the Porter County Company of Indiana National Guards. It was attended by many of the former members of the company and by others who were desirous of volunteering and was presided over by Col. George L. Haste, who explained that Captain Charles F. Griffin of the Hammond Indiana Company had suggested the reorganization to former Captain Stephen L. Finney of the Porter County Company and further suggested the formation of a Northwestern Indiana Regiment in case a further call for volunteers was made. It was decided to form a volunteer company but there were so many responded that plans were formed to organize two companies. The “Hill Company” so called, had the following officers: Wallace L. Wright, Captain; C. H. Merritt, First Lieutenant; R. W. Mitchell, Second Lieutenant. Many of the volunteers in the above company were students in the Northern Indiana Normal School. The “Down Town Company” had S. L. Finney, Captain; R. C. Jones, First Lieutenant; E. E. Small, Second Lieutenant.
Brigadier General Suman, who was then Mayor of Valparaiso, formally tendered the services of the two companies to Governor Mount who explained that although the President had made an additional call for 75,000 men, Indiana had already furnished the full quota, and unless the President made further calls for troops the Porter County Companies would not be needed. Porter County had, however, demonstrated its loyalty and its willingness to render the fullest aid to the government and there is no question had the companies been called into service but the young men would have performed deeds of valor and of courage to bring added renown to the honorable military record of Porter County’s soldiers in previous wars. In anticipation of Porter County soldiers entering the
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military service, a meeting of citizens was held in the Mayor’s office to form a Sanitary Commission and provide aid to dependents of volunteers who would be called into service. I. C. B. Suman, E. E. Small, Claus Specht, William Freeman, W. L. Wright, Mrs. N. L. Agnew, Mrs. H. B. Brown, Mrs. J. E. Hall, Mrs. E. Ball, Mrs. H. M. Beer, Mrs. H. M. Buel, Mrs. J. S. Louderback, Mrs. J. W. Elam, Mrs. Aaron Parks and Mrs. David Turner were selected as members of the commission. The prompt selection of the committee showed how quickly the citizens at home recognized the responsibilities devolving upon them and how quickly they would be met, and was a great tribute to their loyalty and patriotism. The committee was not called upon for service as no additional soldiers were needed and peace was early declared.
LAKE COUNTY.
Owing to the small population of Lake County when war with Mexico was declared it is surprising it furnished any volunteers for service in Mexico. Located in Crown Point when war was declared was Joseph P. Smith, a former member of the Monroe Blues of New York, and who had a love for military life and the opportunity for service in Mexico he could not resist. He was serving as county clerk but resigned his office when war was declared and proceeded to organize a company. He obtained about thirty recruits from Lake County and about seventy others from Porter, LaPorte and other counties and was soon on the Mexican border with his company. The services of the company were largely confined to guarding supply trains and diseases caused by climatic conditions soon reaped a harvest of deaths. Of the one hundred who left for the Mexican border less than forty returned. It is said forty-seven died from disease in and near Monterey.
The citizens of Lake County can well take pride in its remarkable record in the Civil War. More than one thousand men engaged in military service — which was more than one-tenth of the entire population of the county, and nearly one hundred died in the service of their country. The names of the Lake County soldiers who gave up their lives in the cause of their country has been published previously and they will be omitted here. Among them were Col. John Wheeler of the Twentieth Indiana Regiment who was prominent in Lake County affairs and was known to nearly everyone in the county, and his death in battle caused deep regret. Colonel Wheeler came from Connecticut, but spent some years in Ohio before his arrival at Crown Point. He was a farmer, teacher and finally surveyor, and this latter work attracted considerable attention to him and he was elected County Surveyor. He formed a partnership in 1856 with Zerah F. Summers, Rodney Dunning and Janna S.
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Holton to issue a republican newspaper and they published the Lake County Herald, which was not a financial success and drifted into the hands of Mr. Holton.
Later Mr. Summers and Colonel Wheeler purchased the press and supplies from Mr. Holton and published the Crown Point Register in 1857, and while busily engaged in its publication the war came. Colonel Wheeler immediately ceased active association with the paper and organized a company of volunteers. He was made captain and was the recipient of a handsome sword from his friends and neighbors before departure to the front. The company was attached to the Twentieth Indiana Regiment and on account of meritorious service Captain Wheeler was steadily advanced in rank until he became colonel of the regiment and was killed at Gettysburg in the battle with Lee’s forces. His body now reposes in Crown Point. The women of the county early organized soldier’s aid and relief societies and raised large sums of money which were spent in furnishing hospital supplies, maintaining dependents of soldiers at home, and furnishing articles of comfort and convenience to the soldiers at the front. The first organization of women was at Crown Point in 1861 and was followed by others throughout the county. Among the many Lake County women who were conspicuous during the war were Miss Elizabeth Hodson and. Mrs. Sarah Robinson, who went to the front as nurses and for a considerable period were employed in the hospitals at Memphis, Tenn. Miss Hodson was afterwards governess at the Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home at Knightstown, Ind. Others prominent in relief work were Mrs. T. H. Ball, Mrs. J. H. Luther, Mrs. B. B. Cheshire, Mrs. J. E. Young, Mrs. M. J. Pearce, Miss A. J. Albert and Miss M. J. Wheeler, all of Crown Point and vicinity.
When the war with Spain was threatened Lake County boys were prompt to
enlist, some going to the regular army as well as to volunteer regiments. On
the first call for 125,000 volunteers a company was promptly recruited in
Hammond by John Jordan, Frank Parker and C. O. Hubbell, who were elected,
respectively, captain, first and second lieutenants. They were unable to
pass the medical examinations and were succeeded by Captain Orr, First
Lieutenant George Silverthorn and Second Lieutenant August Johnson. Captain
Orr was from Chicago and brought to the company a number of volunteers whom
he had enlisted there. The Hammond company became Company A and was attached
to the One Hundred and Sixty-first Indiana Volunteer Infantry, commanded by
Col. Winfield Durbin. The regiment went to Cuba but saw no active service,
and Company A, after an absence of nearly a year, was mustered out at
Savannah, Ga.
NAVIGATION OF
HISTORY OF THE LAKE AND CALUMET REGION OF INDIANA
FOREWARD
AN APPRECIATION
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I - Geology and Topography
CHAPTER II - The Mound Builders
CHAPTER III - Days of Indian Occupancy
CHAPTER IV - Early Explorations
CHAPTER V - Border Warfare
CHAPTER VI - Lake and Calumet Region Becomes Part of United States
CHAPTER VII - After Wayne and Greenville - Tecumseh and the Prophet
CHAPTER VIII - Indian Peace
CHAPTER IX - Early Settlements and Pioneers - County Organization
CHAPTER X - Townships - Towns - Villages
CHAPTER XI - Pioneer Life
CHAPTER XII - The Lake Michigan Marshes
CHAPTER XIII - Agriculture and Livestock
CHAPTER XIV - Military Annals
CHAPTER XV - The Lake and Calumet Region in the World War
CHAPTER XVI - The Newspapers
CHAPTER XVII - The Medical Profession
CHAPTER XVIII - The Bench and Bar in the Lake and Calumet Region
CHAPTER XIX - Churches
CHAPTER XX - Schools
CHAPTER XXI - Libraries
CHAPTER XXII - Social Life
CHAPTER XXIII - The Dunes of Northwestern Indiana
CHAPTER XXIV - Banks and Banking
CHAPTER XXV - Transportation and Waterways
CHAPTER XXVI - Cities
CHAPTER XXVII - Industrial Development
CHAPTER XXVIII - Chambers of Commerce
Transcribed by Steven R. Shook, December 2022